Appendix B: Algebraic Structures Support

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In this appendix, you'll find some basic JavaScript implementations of various algebraic structures described in the book. Keep in mind that these implementations may not be the fastest or the most efficient implementation out there; they solely serve an educational purpose.
In order to find structures that are more production-ready, have a peek at folktale or fantasy-land.
Note that some methods also refer to functions defined in the Appendix A​
Compose
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const createCompose = curry((F, G) => class Compose {
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  constructor(x) {
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    this.$value = x;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `Compose(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed (Compose F G)
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  static of(x) {
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    return new Compose(F(G(x)));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor (Compose F G)
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  map(fn) {
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    return new Compose(this.$value.map(x => x.map(fn)));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative (Compose F G)
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  ap(f) {
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    return f.map(this.$value);
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  }
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});
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Either
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class Either {
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  constructor(x) {
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    this.$value = x;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed (Either a)
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  static of(x) {
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    return new Right(x);
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  }
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}
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Left
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class Left extends Either {
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  get isLeft() {
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    return true;
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  }
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​
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  get isRight() {
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    return false;
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  }
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​
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  static of(x) {
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    throw new Error('`of` called on class Left (value) instead of Either (type)');
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `Left(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor (Either a)
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  map() {
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    return this;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative (Either a)
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  ap() {
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    return this;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad (Either a)
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  chain() {
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    return this;
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return this;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable (Either a)
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  sequence(of) {
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    return of(this);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    return of(this);
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  }
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}
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Right
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class Right extends Either {
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  get isLeft() {
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    return false;
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  }
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​
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  get isRight() {
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    return true;
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  }
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​
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  static of(x) {
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    throw new Error('`of` called on class Right (value) instead of Either (type)');
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `Right(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor (Either a)
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  map(fn) {
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    return Either.of(fn(this.$value));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative (Either a)
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  ap(f) {
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    return f.map(this.$value);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad (Either a)
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  chain(fn) {
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    return fn(this.$value);
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return this.$value;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable (Either a)
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  sequence(of) {
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    return this.traverse(of, identity);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    fn(this.$value).map(Either.of);
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  }
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}
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Identity
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class Identity {
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  constructor(x) {
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    this.$value = x;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `Identity(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed Identity
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  static of(x) {
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    return new Identity(x);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor Identity
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  map(fn) {
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    return Identity.of(fn(this.$value));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative Identity
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  ap(f) {
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    return f.map(this.$value);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad Identity
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  chain(fn) {
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    return this.map(fn).join();
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return this.$value;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable Identity
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  sequence(of) {
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    return this.traverse(of, identity);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    return fn(this.$value).map(Identity.of);
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  }
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}
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IO
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class IO {
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  constructor(fn) {
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    this.unsafePerformIO = fn;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return 'IO(?)';
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed IO
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  static of(x) {
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    return new IO(() => x);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor IO
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  map(fn) {
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    return new IO(compose(fn, this.unsafePerformIO));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative IO
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  ap(f) {
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    return this.chain(fn => f.map(fn));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad IO
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  chain(fn) {
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    return this.map(fn).join();
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return new IO(() => this.unsafePerformIO().unsafePerformIO());
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  }
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}
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List
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class List {
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  constructor(xs) {
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    this.$value = xs;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `List(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  concat(x) {
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    return new List(this.$value.concat(x));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed List
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  static of(x) {
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    return new List([x]);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor List
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  map(fn) {
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    return new List(this.$value.map(fn));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable List
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  sequence(of) {
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    return this.traverse(of, identity);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    return this.$value.reduce(
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      (f, a) => fn(a).map(b => bs => bs.concat(b)).ap(f),
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      of(new List([])),
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    );
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  }
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}
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Map
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class Map {
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  constructor(x) {
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    this.$value = x;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return `Map(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  insert(k, v) {
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    const singleton = {};
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    singleton[k] = v;
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    return Map.of(Object.assign({}, this.$value, singleton));
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  }
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​
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  reduceWithKeys(fn, zero) {
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    return Object.keys(this.$value)
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      .reduce((acc, k) => fn(acc, this.$value[k], k), zero);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor (Map a)
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  map(fn) {
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    return this.reduceWithKeys(
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      (m, v, k) => m.insert(k, fn(v)),
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      new Map({}),
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    );
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable (Map a)
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  sequence(of) {
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    return this.traverse(of, identity);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    return this.reduceWithKeys(
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      (f, a, k) => fn(a).map(b => m => m.insert(k, b)).ap(f),
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      of(new Map({})),
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    );
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  }
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}
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Maybe
Note that Maybe could also be defined in a similar fashion as we did for Either with two child classes Just and Nothing. This is simply a different flavor.
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class Maybe {
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  get isNothing() {
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    return this.$value === null || this.$value === undefined;
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  }
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​
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  get isJust() {
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    return !this.isNothing;
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  }
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​
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  constructor(x) {
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    this.$value = x;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return this.isNothing ? 'Nothing' : `Just(${inspect(this.$value)})`;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed Maybe
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  static of(x) {
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    return new Maybe(x);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor Maybe
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  map(fn) {
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    return this.isNothing ? this : Maybe.of(fn(this.$value));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative Maybe
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  ap(f) {
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    return this.isNothing ? this : f.map(this.$value);
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad Maybe
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  chain(fn) {
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    return this.map(fn).join();
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return this.isNothing ? this : this.$value;
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Traversable Maybe
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  sequence(of) {
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    return this.traverse(of, identity);
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  }
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​
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  traverse(of, fn) {
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    return this.isNothing ? of(this) : fn(this.$value).map(Maybe.of);
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  }
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}
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Task
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class Task {
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  constructor(fork) {
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    this.fork = fork;
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  }
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​
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  [util.inspect.custom]() {
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    return 'Task(?)';
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  }
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​
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  static rejected(x) {
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    return new Task((reject, _) => reject(x));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Pointed (Task a)
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  static of(x) {
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    return new Task((_, resolve) => resolve(x));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Functor (Task a)
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  map(fn) {
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    return new Task((reject, resolve) => this.fork(reject, compose(resolve, fn)));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Applicative (Task a)
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  ap(f) {
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    return this.chain(fn => f.map(fn));
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  }
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​
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  // ----- Monad (Task a)
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  chain(fn) {
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    return new Task((reject, resolve) => this.fork(reject, x => fn(x).fork(reject, resolve)));
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  }
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​
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  join() {
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    return this.chain(identity);
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  }
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}
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reject
Compose
Last modified 8mo ago
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